punctuation, appended state of the art

0-Cover/Cover.tex

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 		\vspace*{1cm}
 		\begin{Huge}
 		\textbf{Measuring Bulk Material Flow using Commercially-Available LIDAR Sensors}\par
-		\textbf{---Final Draft---}\par
+%		\textbf{---Final Draft---}\par
 		\end{Huge}
 		\vfill
 		\large

1-Introduction/Introduction.tex

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This chapter lays out an overview of this project and thesis. The reasoning and
 
 \subsection{Transportation of Bulk Material}
 
-It is necessary in several industries, including those of mining and manufacturing, to transport bulk material from one location to another. In mining, it may be sand or gravel. In manufacturing, it may be powdered chemicals\cite{protogerakisInterview2022}.
+It is necessary in several industries \cite{protogerakisInterview2022}, including those of mining and manufacturing, to transport bulk material from one location to another. In mining, it may be sand or gravel. In manufacturing, it may be powdered chemicals. 
 
 The transportation of this bulk material typically involves the use of a conveyor belt. These conveyors are specifically designed for the efficient transport of bulk material.
 
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ As will be discussed in the following section on design, the LIDAR sensor was se
 Besides fulfilling the research question, the design solution should meet the following criteria as well.
 
 \begin{itemize}
-\item \textbf{Industrial Robustness} - The final product should be able to withstand the harsh environments that it would likely be installed in, i.e. in a gravel quarry. This means the product must be adequately housed and protected from the environment, against vibrations and shocks.
-\item \textbf{Industrial Connectivity} - The product should be able to interface with existing industrial networks, i.e. using Industrial Ethernet.
+\item \textbf{Industrial Robustness} - The final product should be able to withstand the harsh environments that it would likely be installed in, i.e.\ in a gravel quarry. This means the product must be adequately housed and protected from the environment, against vibrations and shocks.
+\item \textbf{Industrial Connectivity} - The product should be able to interface with existing industrial networks, i.e.\ using Industrial Ethernet.
 \item \textbf{Real-Time Ability} - The product should ideally deliver values in Real-Time through the required interface. This means not only a high enough data resolution but also high determinism.
 \item \textbf{Remote Control} - The product should be able to be configured and diagnosed remotely, in order to prioritize simplicity of installation and maintenance.
 \end{itemize}

2-StateOfTheArt/StateOfTheArt.tex

@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 \chapter{State of the Art}
 
-The interest in the implementation of optical methods for the purposes of measuring bulk material is not novel. The reasoning is clear: conventional methods are intrusive and costly. A non-contact, non-intrusive approach makes any sort of optical solution to the measurement problem very desirable.
+The conventional methods of measuring the mass or volume flow of bulk materials \cite{protogerakisInterview2022} are using so-called \textit{belt scales} or \textit{belt weighers}. These typically either employ the gravimetric method or nuclear method in order to determine the mass or volume flow of bulk materials.
 
-As early as 1997, Green et al.\ were already experimenting with non-contact methods to calculate mass flow rates. In that time, they resorted to using electrodynamic sensors. These electrodynamic sensors were used to estimate both velocity and concentration, which in turn were used to derive mass flow rates. They also used a cross-correlation method to determine material velocity. Although a far cry from the resolution afforded by contemporary sensors, Green et al.\ and their electrodynamic sensors demonstrated the potential of non-contact sensing for bulk materials.\cite{green1997}
+As already detailed in \autoref{chap:intro}, gravimetric belt scales use load cells to transform the compression due to the weight of the belt, into electrical signals.
 
-In 2014, Fojtik released his paper on using laser scanning to measure the volume of bulk material on a conveyor belt. Fojtik focused on the measurement of wood chips, which required special consideration to the volume fluctuations due to humidity.\cite{fojtik2014} 
+Nuclear belt scales \cite{elias1980} function principally by measuring gamma ray attenuation through the bulk material. While these type of scales have their advantages over the gravimetric conventional method, such as ease-of-installation and calibration, there are also other severe disadvantages. Most importantly, the handling of radioactive products must be carried out by certified personnel. Secondly, the chemical composition of the bulk material must also be homogeneous. 
 
-Independently, Zeng et al.\ too released their paper on the use of laser scanning for measuring the volume flow of bulk material.\cite{zeng2015} The focus of their paper was using these technologies to increase energy efficiency. In that paper, they claim that non-contact methods of measuring the volume flow of bulk materials increased energy efficiency by up to \SI{30}{\percent} and reduced maintenance costs by up to \SI{20}{\percent}.
+The interest in the implementation of \textbf{optical methods} for the purposes of measuring bulk material is not novel. The reasoning is clear: conventional methods are intrusive and costly. A non-contact, non-intrusive approach makes any sort of optical solution to the measurement problem very desirable.
+
+As early as 1997, Green et al.\ \cite{green1997} were already experimenting with non-contact methods to calculate mass flow rates. In that time, they resorted to using electrodynamic sensors. These electrodynamic sensors were used to estimate both velocity and concentration, which in turn were used to derive mass flow rates. They also used a cross-correlation method to determine material velocity. Although a far cry from the resolution afforded by contemporary sensors, Green et al.\ and their electrodynamic sensors demonstrated the potential of non-contact sensing for bulk materials.
+
+In 2014, Fojtik \cite{fojtik2014} released his paper on using laser scanning to measure the volume of bulk material on a conveyor belt. Fojtik focused on the measurement of wood chips, which required special consideration to the volume fluctuations due to humidity.
+
+Independently, Zeng et al.\ \cite{zeng2015} too released their paper on the use of laser scanning for measuring the volume flow of bulk material. The focus of their paper was using these technologies to increase energy efficiency. In that paper, they claim that non-contact methods of measuring the volume flow of bulk materials increased energy efficiency by up to \SI{30}{\percent} and reduced maintenance costs by up to \SI{20}{\percent}.
 
 Although they differed slightly in their precise approaches, both Fojtik and Zeng et al.\ used the same fundamental principle to determine volume flow, namely the derivation of the cross-sectional area of material based on the difference between an empty and laden belt. Both of them also are similar in their use of SICK LMS industrial laser scanners.
 

3-Design/Design.tex

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ This is particularly disadvantageous for any operations requiring real-time perf
 In the case of this project, this means that the local processor can process and deliver data in a more deterministic fashion.
 
 \subsubsection{GUI with Qt}
-The Qt GUI framework was used in order to create a GUI for the remote controller. This allowed for the sensor data to be more easily calibrated and aligned, as well as providing a consistent interface for end-user configuration. Qt was chosen for its ease of use, as well as its ability to be compiled cross-platform\cite{qtWebsite}.
+The Qt GUI framework \cite{qtWebsite} was used in order to create a GUI for the remote controller. This allowed for the sensor data to be more easily calibrated and aligned, as well as providing a consistent interface for end-user configuration. Qt was chosen for its ease of use, as well as its ability to be compiled cross-platform.
 
 \subsection{Development of Main Functionality}
 At this stage of the design process, the functionality that is fundamental to the principle operation described earlier was developed. These functions include:

4-Validation/Validation.tex

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Object Cross-Sectional Area & Uncertainty \\ \hline
 \SI{20}{\milli\meter\squared} & \SI{10}{\percent} \\ 
 \SI{120}{\milli\meter\squared} & \SI{4}{\percent} \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
-\caption{Uncertainty of Cross-Sectional Area measurement for different sized objects}\label{table:cross_uncertainty}
+\caption{Uncertainty of Cross-Sectional Area measurement for different sized objects.}\label{table:cross_uncertainty}
 \end{table}
 
 As shown in \autoref{table:cross_uncertainty}, measurements of the miniature cars---with cross-sectional areas of \SI{20}{\milli\meter\squared}---had a relatively high uncertainty of around \SI{10}{\percent}. The uncertainty was reduced to \SI{4}{\percent} when using a cardboard box of a larger size. This however, is to be expected according to the specified uncertainty of the LIDAR sensor at \SI{1}{\meter}.

5-Conclusion/Conclusion.tex

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A breakdown of the various factors that determine the suitability of the impleme
 
 \item[Temperature Suitability] \hfill \\ On the higher end of the temperature range, the LIDAR sensor used in this project is the limiting factor. The maximum temperature of \SI{30}{\celsius} is easily exceeded in particularly hot weather or even in direct sunlight. Design of the housing must account for adequate cooling, as well as reflectivity, should the system be deployed in view of direct sunlight.
 
-\item[Hardware Suitability] \hfill \\ The Raspberry Pi provided sufficient processing power in order to develop, test and deploy the prototype software. The flexibility of the Linux platform also grants sufficient flexibility in order to easily add further functionality---i.e. a web server or other interface---or modify existing functionality.
+\item[Hardware Suitability] \hfill \\ The Raspberry Pi provided sufficient processing power in order to develop, test and deploy the prototype software. The flexibility of the Linux platform also grants sufficient flexibility in order to easily add further functionality---i.e.\ a web server or other interface---or modify existing functionality.
 
 The netHAT was also shown to be performant and stable during testing. Combined with the Raspberry Pi, it provides a low cost platform to bring IoT to Industrial Networking.
 

literatur.bib

@@ -1,4 +1,20 @@
 
+@article{elias1980,
+  title = {Accuracy and Performance Analysis of a Nuclear Belt Weigher},
+  author = {Elias, E. and Pieters, W. and Yom-tov, Z.},
+  date = {1980-12-01},
+  journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
+  shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
+  volume = {178},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {109--115},
+  issn = {0029-554X},
+  doi = {10.1016/0029-554X(80)90863-0},
+  abstract = {Nuclear belt weighers have a broad range of applications in the solid particle industry. This work analyzes the accuracy and sensitivity of nuclear weighers for a wide range of operational conditions and design parameters. The problem of the effect of material profile and bulk density variations on the scale performance is quantitatively addressed. A new methodology is developed to calculate the minimum detectable load accounting for both accuracy and sensitivity. Accuracies of less than 1\% can be achieved in some ideal situations by proper design of the source length and geometrical configuration.},
+  langid = {english},
+  file = {/home/naresh/Zotero/storage/5MYVCG6T/Elias et al. - 1980 - Accuracy and performance analysis of a nuclear bel.pdf;/home/naresh/Zotero/storage/9HHFBGPZ/0029554X80908630.html}
+}
+
 @inproceedings{fojtik2014,
   title = {Measurement of the Volume of Material on the {{Conveyor Belt}} Measuring of the Volume of Wood Chips during Transport on the {{Conveyor Belt}} Using a Laser Scanning},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 15th {{International Carpathian Control Conference}} ({{ICCC}})},